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[主观题]

Read the following Chinese and write an abstract of 80~100 words. You should write your an

swers on ANSWER SHEET 2.

改变市场还是适应市场

身处一个充满着不确定性因素的市场环境,企业是去改变它,还是去适应它?长期以来,这一直是企业管理者所面临的最为关键的企业发展策略选择之一。在某种程度上,这种选择就像是一场赌博。这种选择不仅严酷,而且无法回避,要么去改变市场,要么去适应市场,对大多数企业而言,这两种策略选择都是排它的。如果你想静待不确定性消失而后动,则可能会白白丧失一个获得先发优势的良机。

改变市场和适应市场这两种策略在实践中总表现为不同的形式。一般来讲,市场的改变者往往会通过促使整个行业的行为方式发生变化而控制不确定性。为了做到这一点,有的企业会设法使自己的技术或业务流程成为新的行业标准,另外一些企业会致力于引进创新的产品、服务以及业务系统来重新定义行业竞争的基础,在这一方面,美国西南航空公司采取低价和点到点空运模式,戴尔公司率先实施直销策略等,都是很好的例子:还有一些市场改变者通过大胆的兼并或收购来重组不稳定的行业环境,这方面的例子也不少见。

与市场改变者不同的是,市场适应者总是把现在和未来的行业市场结构和竞争行为当做是已有的外部环境。当市场稳定时,市场适应者试图在现存的行业市场结构之内谋求一个有利的位置。而当不确定性增加时,他们会根据市场的变化借助速度和灵活性来获得机会。一些市场适应者可能会通过及时地紧跟一个潜在的市场领导者的引导来获得市场先机,还有一些市场适应者会通过在产品、服务和业务系统方面进行不断的试验来逐步确定自己的策略。市场适应者采取的另一种办法是,建立一个高度灵活的组织来应对市场的变化,他们不断地招聘和培养成熟的具有管理技能的员工——不管市场如何变化,这样的员工对客户来讲都是有价值的。

企业应该采取改变市场的策略还是适应市场的策略,在很大程度上取决于环境不确定性的程度和性质。简单地讲,当不确定性较高,而企业能对其中的变数施加影响时,改变市场的策略往往奏效;当创造价值的主要因素相对稳定,而相关变数不能为企业所控制时,适应的策略才是应该优先考虑的。

这其中的道理是显而易见的。在一个高度不确定的市场,技术标准正在变化,竞争者出入不定,而消费者也还没有锁定自己喜爱的品牌。这样的市场环境为实施改变市场策略提供了很大的空间,一次大型的兼并,一项果断的技术投资,一个强有力的产品捆绑策略,都很有可能会使混乱的市场竞争格局变得井然有序,而新的市场格局对实施改变市场策略的企业当然是极为有利的。然而,在实践中,当面临着高度不确定的环境时,企业的决策者总是偏向,于采取适应市场的策略。之所以如此,部分原因在于决策者们习惯于依靠波特的五种竞争力框架之类的理论工具来指导决策。对于相对稳定的市场,运用这类理论工具有助于决策者更深刻地洞察未来的市场,然而,面对复杂多变的市场,这类工具却很少能为决策者准确判断未来的市场提供有力的支持。而要想成为一个成功的市场改变者,对未来的市场有一个准确的判断是至关重要的。

应该指出的是,即使是最优秀的企业也不可能在任何情况下都采取改变市场的策略并且获得成功。一个成功的市场改变者必须具备很多品质,如:对未来发展的洞察力、良好的声誉、特定领域的领导地位、一流的技术或创新能力,以及娴熟的商务操作能力等。并非所有的企业都具备这些品质。

企业决策者往往以为,适应市场的策略是一个容易实施的选择。这种想法是错误的。首先,这种想法使得经理人员以为,适应市场的策略并不像改变市场的策略那样需要较强的财务和心理承受力。其实并非如此。对于一个市场的适应者而言,要不断地进行产品服务等方面的试验,还要建立一个灵活的组织,这些都需要极大的财务上和心理上的承受力,其次,这种想法会使经理人员以为,实施适应市场的策略只需消极而不是积极的管理就能成功。其实,一个市场的适应者也必须在捕捉机会、规避风险和业务调整等方面有相当的技巧,而这远不是消极的管理所能做到的。

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第2题

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第3题

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第4题

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第5题

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第6题

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第7题

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第8题

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第9题

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第10题

For the past two years, I have been working on students' evaluation of classroom teaching.
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第11题

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Thank you for selecting the Corvallis Clinic (诊所 ) for your recent healthcare needs. To continue delivering the highest possible level of service, we survey our patients to learn about their experiences at our clinic. The comments and suggestions you provide about your visit will help us evaluate (评价 ) our services and improve our care.

This survey takes only a few minutes to complete. Your comments and suggestions are very important to us, and they will be kept confidential (保密 ). A postage-paid reply envelop is enclosed for your convenience. If you have any questions about this survey, please call our Service Center at 541-754-1374.

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2) helping to improve the clinic 49______‘s

Promise by the clinic: comments and suggestions to be kept 50 ______

Enclosure: a 51 ______reply envelop

Contact: to call Service Center at 52 ______

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